The History of Aerial Flight - 719 Words

On August 17th, 1917, General Jan Christian Smuts, of the Royal Flying Corps, captured the significance that aeroplanes would play not just as an auxiliary force, but a new form of warfare: There is absolutely no limit to the scale of its future independent war use. And the day may not be far off when aerial operations with their devastation of enemy lands and destruction of industries and populous centres on a vast scale may become one of the principal operations of war, to which the older forms of military and naval operations may become secondary and subordinate. It was upon this recommendation in a report written to the Air Ministry and the Air Staff to combine the two fronts of Britain’s aerial presence, to create a single independent military branch, the Royal Air Force. On April 1st, 1918 the Royal Air Force was formed by an Act of Parliament, and would be the only thing that stood between them and the Nazi Luftwaffe. The history of aerial flight is often looked at from the perspective of the great moments, from the first flight of the Wright Brothers in 1903, to the Battle of Britain, but many less than stellar moments have perhaps shaped the formation of aviation in ways that may have been overlooked. Heavier-than-air flight, as it were, was in its infancy of development in Britain, due to stringent financials and unwilling risk takers. For instance, the Wright Brothers were turned away from England because the Treasury was unwilling to financially back theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Laws Governing Unmanned Aircraft: A Literature Review1245 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) popularly known as â€Å"drones† have a long history dating back to World War I as remote-controlled aerial targets according to Howeth (1963). However, their current role in surveillance is much shorter. 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Paper presented at the International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), Orlando, FL. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICUAS.2014.6842354 Presented at the 2014 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICAUS), this paper identifies the need for a low cost approach that is effectiveRead MoreEssay about The Fokker Eindecker During World War One1237 Words   |  5 Pageslife has become a part of how we live as human beings. Removing the air forces of the world is like taking a step back in time when wars were only fought on land or sea. WWI began only eleven short years after the Wright brothers achieved powered flight in 19031 and yet aircrafts were being used for surveillance and eventually combat purposes. It is understood that these aircrafts were primitive, but they laid down the foundation for what we know today as fighter jets. The Fokker Eindecker â€Å"revolutionizedRead MoreWhy Houston And Hong Kong969 Words   |  4 PagesSaturday. 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Violence from Patients towards Nurses-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Violence from Patients towards Nurses. Answer: Violence from patients towards nurses Within the health care system, nurses play an important role who are vulnerable to abuse and violence from patients. Australian Institute of Criminology has also identified related issues in nursing profession and growing risks in this occupation. Disturbed mental state and exposure to physical distress has been the core reason behind increasing client violation in hospitals. Recently many episodes relating violence against nurses have been identified which highlights inadequacy in the field of protection for nurses. One taken place in The Royal Melbourne Hospital in Victoria and Wyong Hospital situated in central coast of NSW, patients have been seen attacking nurses with knives(Pich, 2017). With both the incidents it becomes clear that nurses in nursing profession have become exposed to physical and verbal violence and have even started accepting it as a part of their job. Since violence from patients towards nurses have become a significant issue that requires to be looked upon, t his paper will analyse the situation in depth while concluding with possible solutions for it. According to World Health Organisation (WHO), violence in healthcare profession has been due to the reason where both victim and the saviour behave in an unintentional manner in which both physical force and threatening the other person or community along with oneself takes place. The result of such actions may result in injury, psychological damage and deprivation(Krug, 2002). Violence in nursing profession has a huge impact on health care workplace which threatens work efficiency and quality. With due respect to individual rights and integrity, assaults on nurses have left detrimental notion on the minds of nurses and ones who wants to become a nurse. Current literature on nursing profession suggests ensuring the safety and respect for the profession or else degradation and scarcity can be expected in the future and hence this issue can be directly related to a professional issue(Sharma, 2016). Evidences in health care profession have reported a limited number of cases where professional nurses have been compensated for misbehaviour faced by them(Gates, 2011). Western Australia has reported that personal threats and referral to psychiatrists have demoralised nursing professionals to a great extent. Nurses as an individual does not want to be disloyal to their patients regardless, lack of reporting has made the issue more reorganised. This attitude of nurses reveals their professionalism and their dedication towards their profession. But recent attacks and bullying of nurses have began a new revolution in this field wherein the culprits are been accused by state criminal departments and The International Council of Nurses described this issue as a World-wide Epidemic(Roche, 2010). Abusing and physical attacks have shown post traumatic depressions among nurses which have made them consuming alcohol and even drugs along with suffering chronic pain. Minor scratches and bruises to serious injuries like fractures, stabbing and even death have been reported lately in nursing journals. A nurse was punched in face and was stabbed by a butter knife in her breast and back area. This incident took place in 2011 in NSW region where a mentally disturbed patient stabbed a nurse to death. Following it was another incident in Southern Australia where a nurse was kidnapped, raped and killed(The Conversation, 2017). These two incidents shows the exposure of nursing profession to patient related violence and their adverse affects on patient- nurse relation. Nurses can treat their patients less empathically and give up their work quality if similar incidents of violence are experienced by more of them. According to a survey made by International Council of Nurses (ICN), studies conducted in different countries healthcare departments reveals the amount of physical violence in workplaces and reasons behind quitting nursing job. The study collected various samples and prepared a questionnaire where hospitals and health care professional were asked to share their individual experience in their profession. As shown in the figure below, indicates that physically attacked nurses were 2.7 times more who desired to quit job as nursing than nurses who have not yet faced violence attack issue. Source: (Hancock, 2017) Database research made from CINAHL and MEDLINE reviews on the impact of patient violence against nurses working in healthcare workplaces by making interactions with nurses. According to the survey, workplace violence and bullying victims made patients more comfortable as they can share their experience with friends and relatives. Local hospitals and staff had to make anonymous calls to officials for reporting abuse and seeking help from them(Koh, 2015). Similar research made by researchers reveals that the rate of increase in violence is alarming with a rise of 110persent where incidents had been reported directly by the nurses. Since no federal rules have been imposed in health care work areas, protection of nurses is still under question. An incident in California where a patient kicks a pregnant nurse in her pelvis has made the entire profession under public eye(Campbell, 2016). Although nurses are seen more vulnerable to violence in hospitals, but adverse affects on patient safety is also an issue that requires to be given stress upon. Impairment and demand to leave the place makes patients more irritated and result in getting violent attitude. One of the incidents mentioned is where the patient demanded for a leave and had to wait for longer period became frustrated and violent. Similar case happens in workplaces where they are reverse attacked by nurses and thereby risking patient safety. Since patients admitted must be having health or mental problems, they at some cases prove to be more venerable in violent attacks. Themes related to patient care in general indicate violence occurred with patient during treatments which involved physical as well as mental discomforts. Patient demanding for moir help and assistance are the most who suffers from violence and under force made counter attacks to nurses. Many incidents states that infuriated nurses have give n serious injuries to patient by giving false medication and inserting needles. Many times patient out of pain and fear becomes aggressive and out of control thereby harming themselves and others. In this kind of situation, nurses requires to be more alert and take precautionary measures as patient in those conditions are mentally misbalanced and attacking them back can cause permanent disability(Arnetz, 2016). In last few decades the quality of work and humanity has evolved the thinking adversely. Nursing professionals are responsible for patient safety in terms of medication and care and if such attention is not recognised, patient tends to lose faith in the system and on the profession. The lack of communication due heavy load of work can make patient lose temper and become violent. Similarly work pressure makes nurses more aggressive who even lead them avoiding responsibility in their work. Source: (Desanto, 2013) Patient safety and violence have been a key issue as shown in the figure above. Nurses who show recklessness have given bad effects in victims minds as compared to ones who get good treatment from nurses at the time of treatment. Such irresponsible attitude indirectly refers to the violence in the work culture of nurses in which patient security is hampered. In accidental wards where patients are admitted due to injuries and fractures are the ones more prone to nurses violence. Since their physical conditions do not allow them to revert back, nurses take the advantage and can become violent in severe conditions. Government hospitals and health camps are mostly seen with such conditions where patients have to suffer violence since work load there are always higher and nurses being limited in numbers(Mitchell, n.d.). However, violence from patient towards nurses has become a key issue in todays health care units and thus many steps have been incorporated by hospitals and nurses training organisations. In Australia, Code of Conduct for maintaining self care, Section 7.1 states that Code of conduct for Nurses and Code of Conduct for Midwives must be followed by hospitals and training organisations to reduce stress and fatigue in their health. Organisational strategies to ensure observance of professional codes while focussing on individual health is improvised in todays hospitals. Many training programmes have been introduced so that nurses are provided with mental peace and ability to deal with the situation tactfully(NSW Nurses and Midwives Association, 2018). Many strategies have been applied to make workplace secure for nurses, still there are few strategies that can provide more advancement in the system. Two of the strategies recommended after reviewing the issues are: Early investigation of incident- According to researchers if any incident in investigated in early stages, the chances of getting it sorted becomes easy. Violence can began from quiet state and end with aggression and discomfort along with attacks. If the situation is intervened in early stage, escalations can be avoided by breaking the cycle of interaction. For example, if a patient and a nurse fall in a conversation leading to violence, other team members witnessing or with the help of hidden cameras can evaluate the discussion. Breaking the conversation and distraction might prevent the incident getting violent. The appointed nurse can be shifted to other department or work area so that facing the accusing patient is avoided(Mcknight, 2014). Training programmes for avoiding aggressiveness in nature: Literature in health workplace reveals that lot of patient are prone to nurses aggressive attitude due to work pressure which in turn becomes patients motive to attack violently. Since, patient cannot be trained for behaving in work premises; it is the duty of organisations to train their nurses for behaving in calm and composed manner especially with patient suffering mental problems. Education on preserving and developing therapeutic care while interacting with patient will not only decrease violence but also make work environment more peaceful and healthy(Mitchell, n.d.). The impact of increasing violence has given lead to significant traumatic issue on nurses that requires to be focussed upon. Therefore, after reviewing the aforesaid topic, it can be said that violence in nursing profession is directly related to a professional issue that needs to be monitored and regulated by proficient teams and nations. References Arnetz, J.E., 2016. Understanding patient-to-worker violence in hospitals: a qualitative analysis of documented incident reports. [Online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5006065/ [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Campbell, A.F., 2016. Why Violence Against Nurses Has Spiked in the Last Decade. [Online] Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/12/violence-against-nurses/509309/ [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Desanto, J.D.R.W.a.L.B., 2013. Measurement and Monitoring of Health Care Worker Aggression Exposure. [Online] Available at: https://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-18-2013/No1-Jan-2013/Measurement-and-Monitoring-Worker-Aggression-Exposure.html [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Gates, G.L.G.a.P.S., 2011. Violence Against Nurses and its Impact on Stress and Productivity. [Online] Available at: https://www.nursingeconomics.net/ce/2013/article29059066.pdf [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Hancock, I.M.B.a.P., 2017. Workplace Violence Against Nurses. [Online] Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244017701187 [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Koh, W.M.S., 2015. Management of work place bullying in hospital: A review of the use of cognitive rehearsal as an alternative management strategy. [Online] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352013215300247 [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Krug, L.L.D.J.A.M.A.B.Z.a.R.L., 2002. World report on violence and health. [Online] Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf;jsessionid=AB9BB81437949EFC11C8D515EFC9E257?sequence=1 [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Mcknight, S., 2014. The Nature of Violence: Origins and Prevention of Healthcare Violence. [Online] Available at: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/nature-of-violence-origins-and-prevention-of-healthcare-violence-2167-1168-3-183.php?aid=28036 [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Mitchell, P.H., n.d. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. [Online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2681/ [Accessed 11 April 2018]. NSW Nurses and Midwives Association, 2018. MAKING TIME FOR ME: the emerging role of mindfulness practice in self-care for nurses and midwives. [Online] Available at: https://www.nswnma.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Making-time-for-me-FINAL.pdf [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Pich, J., 2017. Nurses are at the front line of violence in hospitals, to the point where this has become an expected and even accepted part of their job. [Online] Available at: https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/health/article/2017/05/17/violence-against-nurses-rise-protections-remain-weak [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Roche, M.A..D.D..D.C...C.-P.C.J., 2010. Violence toward nurses, the work environment, and patient outcomes. [Online] Available at: https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/13764/1/2008005296.pdf [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Sharma, R.K.S.a.V., 2016. Journal of Nursing Care. [Online] Available at: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/work-place-violence-in-nursing-2167-1168-1000335.php?aid=72181 [Accessed 11 April 2018]. The Conversation, 2017. Violence against nurses is on the rise, but protections remain weak. [Online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/violence-against-nurses-is-on-the-rise-but-protections-remain-weak-76019 [Accessed 11 April 2018].

To a large degree, culture determines behaviour Essay Example For Students

To a large degree, culture determines behaviour Essay But in some societies education is of no value as families need children to work and bring home money for food. So basically, our culture is determined upon that which we are surrounded by from birth, what we are submersed in. We are taught how to be: how to communicate, how to act, how to eat, drink, sleep, live. So would it be fair to say that the culture we are brought up in determines our behaviour? Let us look at the example of Clare, a neglected child. She was found at five years old, locked in a stinking room in appalling conditions, having obviously been left alone by uncompassionate parents. We will write a custom essay on To a large degree, culture determines behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now She still wore a nappy, and after being taken into care, continued to soil it up to seventeen times a day. She had little speech capability and did not understand that her actions (such as smearing faeces on people) were not socially acceptable. And yet within only a few months of going into foster care, she no longer needed nappies and was progressing well with speech and learning. A year later, and Clare was socialised enough to go to school and interact with other children. This article, published in 1998 by the Sunday Times Magazine, shows the effect to the child of a lack of socialisation and culture. Without being immersed in a language, we cannot speak; without being surrounded by people, we cannot interact with proper accord. To this end it can be suggested that our behaviour stems almost absolutely from culture, as without it we would be likened to Clare, almost animal-like. Basically we would be reverting to our cave-man roots, before humans got together to form societies and instead bashed each other over the head with clubs. That is not to say that the scientists are all wrong, and that our behaviour has nothing to do with our genes. It is widely accepted that genes account for certain behaviour among people. As humans we are all born with instincts and robot functions, though many have been lost due to over-socialisation and evolution. An example is our drive to reproduce; most people now accept that a female will be more attracted to a stronger looking man when she is fertile and a more caring looking man when she is not. Another example would be the deviance gene which is said to define whether a person is more likely to be a criminal or not. It is my opinion that to a large but not total degree, culture does determine behaviour. Culture shapes us into the individuals we become until we are old enough to evaluate our own thoughts and come to our own conclusions. Sometimes we form our own sub-cultures, away from the norm, and in doing so rebel against our culture. But this would never have happened if we had grown up without a culture in the first place, like Clare. Cultural diversity is a major issue in the world today, what with the topics of racism and terrorism always in the newspapers, and until we understand every culture and sub-culture, we will never begin to understand the behaviour of their members.

Online Public and Charter Schools, K-12 in Indiana

Online Public and Charter Schools, K-12 in Indiana Indiana offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. Below is a list of no-cost online schools currently serving elementary and high school students in Indiana. In order to qualify for the list, schools must meet the following qualifications: classes must be available completely online, they must offer services to state residents, and they must be funded by the government. Virtual schools listed may be charter schools, state-wide public programs, or private programs that receive government funding. List of Indiana Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Indiana Virtual Charter School (off-site link) About Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Many states now offer tuition-free online schools for resident students under a certain age (often 21). Most virtual schools are charter schools; they receive government funding and are run by a private organization. Online charter schools are subject to fewer restrictions than traditional schools. However, they are reviewed regularly and must continue to meet state standards. Some states also offer their own online public schools. These virtual programs generally operate from a state office or a school district. State-wide public school programs vary. Some online public schools offer a limited number of remedial or advanced courses not available in brick-and-mortar public school campuses. Others offer full online diploma programs. A few states choose to fund â€Å"seats† for students in private online schools. The number of available seats may be limited and students are usually asked to apply through their public school guidance counselor. (See also: 4 Types of Online High Schools). Choosing an Indiana Online Public School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny. For more suggestions on evaluating virtual schools see: How to Choose an Online High School.

Quotes That Reveal the Most Hate Around Us

Quotes That Reveal the Most Hate Around Us Hatred is a powerful emotion. Unless kept in check, hate can cause an avalanche of destruction. It wreaks havoc on relationships, breaks up families and even takes innocent lives. It preys on civil societies. With hate, dark thoughts of revenge and destruction can cloud the mind. These quotes illuminate this most devastating and destructive emotion that has been with man throughout time and illuminated in religious texts as well as pop culture. Famous Quotes on Hate Jonathan SwiftWe have just enough religion to make us hate, but not enough to make us love one another. Kurt TucholskyThose who hate most fervently must have once loved deeply; those who want to deny the world must have once embraced what they now set on fire. Maya Angelouâ€Å"Hate, it has caused a lot of problems in the world, but has not solved one yet.†Ã‚   Coretta Scott KingHate is too great a burden to bear. It injures the hater more than it injures the hated. Oprah WinfreyYou cannot hate other people without hating yourself. George Bernard ShawHatred is the cowards revenge for being intimidated. William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatraâ€Å"In time we hate that which we often fear.†Ã‚   Rene DescartesIt is easy to hate and it is difficult to love. This is how the whole scheme of things works. All good things are difficult to achieve, and bad things are very easy to get. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.Hatred paralyzes life; love releases it. Hatred confuses life; love harmonizes it. Hatred darkens life; love illuminates it. â€Å"Let no man pull you so low as to hate him.†Ã‚   Napoleon BonaparteA true man hates no one. Lord ByronHatred is the madness of the heart. AristotleTo enjoy the things we ought, and to hate the things we ought, has the greatest bearing on excellence of character. Stephen KingMonsters are real, and ghosts are real too. They live inside us, and sometimes, they win. Victoria WolffHate is not a good counselor. Charles Caleb ColtonWe hate some persons because we do not know them, and we will not know them because we hate them. Sir Walter RaleighHatreds are the cinders of affection. Zsa Zsa GaborI never hated a man enough to give him his diamonds back. Arnold SchopenhauerHatred comes from the heart; contempt from the head; and neither feeling is quite within our control. Henry Ward BeecherThere is no faculty of the human soul so persistent and universal as that of hatred. Kathleen NorrisHate is all a lie; there is no truth in hate. George EliotHatred is like fire - it makes even light rubbish deadly. Henry Emerson FosdickHating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat. Ivy CullerHate less; live longer. John Steinbeckâ€Å"Try to understand men. If you understand each other you will be kind to each other. Knowing a man well never leads to hate and almost always leads to love.†

The Use of Databases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Use of Databases - Essay Example While selecting a database for a small organization like real estate business, Microsoft Access is the best. It gives an easy layout to design a database of our own, with wizard facility. In a small real estate business, tens of customers visit everyday and tell us about their requirements. Some needs to have house on rent and some wants to buy a house. Even few comes here to sell their house. So in order to keep a record of all these, we need to have a Database. So that whenever a customer comes here to seek a house on rent, we can show him/her a list that contains all the houses that we got. It can only be done with the help of a Database. A Database can not only store the information but it can give us the printable form of the data as well in Reports. The first thing while develop a Database is that we created tables, as they actually store the data in them. But the interface is provided with the help of forms. And we can access the data in our Database with the help of Queries that works simply as question been asked. This Database contains a table of permanent customers that includes their names, with a unique ID, contact number and address as well. The other table contains the list of houses that are available on rent. This table contains all the information about these houses, their size, location, number of rooms and the rent money as well. The other table contains the list of houses that are there to be sold. It also contains all information about them, like size, location, number of rooms and their prices. Another table contains the list of customers that are willing to rent a house. This table contains their demands as well, that what kind of house they need and the location, size and number of rooms in it. The other table contains the customer's details that want to buy a house. And also their demands. The above mentioned both tables contains the contact number of customers as well, so that they can be contacted when needed. Another table deals with the employees of the firm. The firm has 10 employees working at present. Two employees are for office work and eight are the salesmen. The table contains their details, like their names with a unique ID, their addresses, contact numbers, date of joining the firm, starting salary, current salary, and also their account numbers. The computer operator in the firm uses Forms to enter data in the database. Forms are the interface provided by the database so that data can be entered more conveniently. There is a main form, which gives the main menu, ask the operator whether he wants to enter employee information or customer information. In employee section he can enter the information for new employee or he can update the record of existing employee as well. In Customers section, he can enter the information about the customers who are looking for a house to rent and also those who are willing to give their houses on rent. And also the customers who want to buy a house and their demands as well and also the customer's information who are looking for the buyer. Queries are used, so that we can quickly have the information for our required house. Suppose a customer is looking for a house with three rooms in downtown, we can simply put the number of rooms a

Contemporary recreation, sports, or tourism legal issue Essay

Contemporary recreation, sports, or tourism legal issue - Essay Example The amount of lawsuit and the diversity of cases in the sports fraternity have been on a surge as more people rely on the courts to solve disputes. The laws have the required expertise to enable the smooth running of the sports. There exists variation as to the way the law is defined, one school of thought hold the view that a law is a congregation of regulations and rules that govern a particular action. Sport law refers to the application of existing laws to recreation and sports. Sports governing bodies operate almost similar to state administrative and federal institution. The governing structures of sports organization are based on the federal laws, regulations and rules. For example, the guideline adopted by the National Football League in the U.S resembles traditional state tort law principles. Thus when a dispute over the interpretation of a regulation or rule arises, lawyers represent the participants and the principal body to resolve the dispute via the administrative structures set up by the sport organization. The Constitution of United States does not guarantee freedom from an invasion of privacy. To justify an action for invasion of privacy, a petitioner must show the cause why the invasion is significant and is in an area for which there is anticipation of privacy (Flannery, 1998 pp 9). In the sports business, such cases are not uncommon especially in drug testing programs. Consider the case involving (Acton v. Vernonia School District 1995); James Acton challenged the drug testing program initiated by Vernonia School District as an invasion of privacy. However the Supreme Court established that school children had a smaller expectation of privacy because athletics subjected one to a need for medical attention, physical examination and a locker room environment. The Court thus upheld the view that drug testing does not constitute an invasion of privacy (Lisa, 2008 pp87). However the Vernonia ruling is not likely to be relevant to collegiate athletes. In the Acton v. Vernonia case, the judge further explained that the high school students had a lower expectation of privacy given their minor age and were under the care of the school in absence of their parents. Given the situation it was the sole responsibility of the teachers to ensure discipline is observed at school. On the other hand, collegiate athletes are considered adults under less supervision from the college and university administration. An example is the U.S Supreme Court decision not to grant a hearing of an appeal of the Supreme Court of Colorado's verdict which found that drug testing program on football players at the Colorado University constituted an invasion of privacy. During the Proceedings, (University of Colorado v. Derdeyn, 1993), the Supreme Court of Colorado ruled that despite the University's concerns in protecting the student's welfare, the argument is not sufficient enough to warrant the intrusion on privacy through random testing for drugs on the players (Lisa, 2008 pp 94). Herbs, (1985) notes that constitutional challenges to drug testing have been unsuccessful in professional sport. For instance, in 1994, the federal district court of Pennsylvania ruled that the National Football League (NFL) drug testing program was not subject to a constitutional challenge because of the absence of state action. The court (NFL v. Long) ruled that neither the commercial association between the Steelers and the City of Pittsburg